1 00:00:21,140 --> 00:00:19,520 hi I'm Beth Wilson and today I am with 2 00:00:24,140 --> 00:00:21,150 our chair of the Aeronautics Department 3 00:00:25,970 --> 00:00:24,150 Bob van der Linden Bob how are you today 4 00:00:27,380 --> 00:00:25,980 I'm fine thank you how are you good 5 00:00:29,330 --> 00:00:27,390 Bob can you tell me where we're sitting 6 00:00:33,229 --> 00:00:29,340 this morning we are sitting in the 7 00:00:36,259 --> 00:00:33,239 cockpit of a Boeing 747 and why do we 8 00:00:39,110 --> 00:00:36,269 have a Boeing 747 in our collection well 9 00:00:41,000 --> 00:00:39,120 we have a 747 here so our visitors can 10 00:00:42,590 --> 00:00:41,010 get some idea of the scale and scope of 11 00:00:44,389 --> 00:00:42,600 what a modern airliner looks like and 12 00:00:46,579 --> 00:00:44,399 now we only have the nose cone is that 13 00:00:49,220 --> 00:00:46,589 correct that's correct why just the nose 14 00:00:50,299 --> 00:00:49,230 cone well primarily because the rest of 15 00:00:52,069 --> 00:00:50,309 the airplane would not fit in this 16 00:00:53,750 --> 00:00:52,079 building and where do we get this 17 00:00:55,819 --> 00:00:53,760 airplane we got this airplane from 18 00:00:57,919 --> 00:00:55,829 Northwest Airlines and do you want to 19 00:00:59,779 --> 00:00:57,929 show me exactly how big the whole 20 00:01:05,000 --> 00:00:59,789 airplane is I hope you glad to thanks 21 00:01:07,969 --> 00:01:05,010 Bob so this is just 35 feet then yes and 22 00:01:10,819 --> 00:01:07,979 so what is the plane double that size 23 00:01:12,679 --> 00:01:10,829 it's a bit bigger than that well how do 24 00:01:25,310 --> 00:01:12,689 I start walking why don't you tell me 25 00:01:47,280 --> 00:01:35,969 here Bob keep going how about now Bob 26 00:01:52,990 --> 00:01:47,290 almost there how about no Bob there you 27 00:01:59,680 --> 00:01:56,770 okay so how do you get a plane this big 28 00:02:29,880 --> 00:01:59,690 off the ground that's the four forces of 29 00:02:35,740 --> 00:02:32,980 hi I'm Beth Wilson and I'm coming to you 30 00:02:38,020 --> 00:02:35,750 live from the America by air gallery 31 00:02:40,600 --> 00:02:38,030 at the National Air and Space Museum in 32 00:02:42,700 --> 00:02:40,610 Washington DC and in this gallery we 33 00:02:45,850 --> 00:02:42,710 take a look at the history of commercial 34 00:02:48,390 --> 00:02:45,860 aviation beginning with early male 35 00:02:52,360 --> 00:02:48,400 planes going all the way to our Boeing 36 00:02:54,580 --> 00:02:52,370 747 nose cone now Bob and I talked a 37 00:02:56,320 --> 00:02:54,590 little bit about how we get a plane this 38 00:02:58,600 --> 00:02:56,330 big off the ground and to help me to 39 00:03:00,699 --> 00:02:58,610 cover the four forces flight I've got 40 00:03:02,890 --> 00:03:00,709 Marty here Marty do you want to explain 41 00:03:04,240 --> 00:03:02,900 how we get something this big off the 42 00:03:06,420 --> 00:03:04,250 ground sure so we're gonna talk about 43 00:03:09,910 --> 00:03:06,430 the four forces of flight those are 44 00:03:11,320 --> 00:03:09,920 weight drag lift and thrust so let's 45 00:03:14,229 --> 00:03:11,330 start with what keeps us on the ground 46 00:03:16,300 --> 00:03:14,239 and that's weight so weight is simply 47 00:03:18,640 --> 00:03:16,310 gravity pulling us back down towards the 48 00:03:20,229 --> 00:03:18,650 ground now everybody look around 49 00:03:23,500 --> 00:03:20,239 is anybody floating around up there in 50 00:03:25,240 --> 00:03:23,510 the in the ceiling no gravity is doing 51 00:03:27,370 --> 00:03:25,250 its job it's pulling us back here to 52 00:03:29,620 --> 00:03:27,380 earth so in order to fly we've got to 53 00:03:32,440 --> 00:03:29,630 counteract that weight the next ones 54 00:03:34,150 --> 00:03:32,450 drag and drag is the opposite motion 55 00:03:35,949 --> 00:03:34,160 that we want to go so if we want to go 56 00:03:37,570 --> 00:03:35,959 forward drag pulls us back and that's 57 00:03:39,340 --> 00:03:37,580 caused by friction and differences in 58 00:03:40,660 --> 00:03:39,350 air pressure now that's kind of hard to 59 00:03:42,580 --> 00:03:40,670 understand so I've got a little 60 00:03:44,140 --> 00:03:42,590 demonstration here I've got two pieces 61 00:03:46,360 --> 00:03:44,150 of paper they're exactly the same 62 00:03:49,600 --> 00:03:46,370 but if I take this one and i wad it up 63 00:03:50,830 --> 00:03:49,610 and then drop them Newton's laws tell us 64 00:03:54,000 --> 00:03:50,840 that they should hit the ground at the 65 00:03:56,949 --> 00:03:54,010 exact same time but watch what happens 66 00:03:58,479 --> 00:03:56,959 the wadded-up paper hit way faster than 67 00:04:00,430 --> 00:03:58,489 the one that stayed flat and that's 68 00:04:02,860 --> 00:04:00,440 because of drag the friction of the air 69 00:04:05,229 --> 00:04:02,870 coming down with the flat one caused it 70 00:04:06,880 --> 00:04:05,239 to go slower so those are the two forces 71 00:04:08,680 --> 00:04:06,890 that keep us on the ground well that's 72 00:04:11,170 --> 00:04:08,690 very nice but that doesn't tell me how 73 00:04:13,270 --> 00:04:11,180 we get up into the air and stay there 74 00:04:14,680 --> 00:04:13,280 exactly so it takes two other forces to 75 00:04:16,539 --> 00:04:14,690 get us up into the air and to keep us 76 00:04:18,190 --> 00:04:16,549 there the first is lift lift is the 77 00:04:20,349 --> 00:04:18,200 force that pushes us up into the air 78 00:04:22,810 --> 00:04:20,359 it's mm and it's caused by differences 79 00:04:24,850 --> 00:04:22,820 in air pressure so let's take a look at 80 00:04:26,320 --> 00:04:24,860 this airfoil this is an airplane wing 81 00:04:28,540 --> 00:04:26,330 that's basically been chopped up like a 82 00:04:30,940 --> 00:04:28,550 loaf of bread the bottom of this wing is 83 00:04:33,070 --> 00:04:30,950 nice and flat the top is curved now 84 00:04:34,390 --> 00:04:33,080 pressure pushes down on all sides of 85 00:04:36,400 --> 00:04:34,400 this wing all the 86 00:04:38,470 --> 00:04:36,410 but as it flies through the air the air 87 00:04:40,660 --> 00:04:38,480 going over the top gets squeezed down 88 00:04:42,460 --> 00:04:40,670 and goes faster and that creates a 89 00:04:44,920 --> 00:04:42,470 low-pressure area over the top of the 90 00:04:47,440 --> 00:04:44,930 wing the high pressure underneath pushes 91 00:04:50,380 --> 00:04:47,450 that wing up into the air that's kind of 92 00:04:52,150 --> 00:04:50,390 confusing you guys get that let's try an 93 00:04:54,280 --> 00:04:52,160 example you guys all have a strip of 94 00:04:56,350 --> 00:04:54,290 paper in your hands hold those up we're 95 00:04:57,850 --> 00:04:56,360 gonna put them up above our top lip and 96 00:04:59,290 --> 00:04:57,860 we're gonna blow okay what do you think 97 00:05:04,750 --> 00:04:59,300 is gonna happen is it gonna go up or 98 00:05:06,070 --> 00:05:04,760 down it's gonna go okay let's see the 99 00:05:07,930 --> 00:05:06,080 paper went up and that's simply because 100 00:05:10,150 --> 00:05:07,940 we blew air underneath it and push that 101 00:05:12,280 --> 00:05:10,160 paper up now we're gonna hold that same 102 00:05:13,630 --> 00:05:12,290 piece of paper under our bottom lip and 103 00:05:15,280 --> 00:05:13,640 we're gonna blow over the top of it 104 00:05:15,510 --> 00:05:15,290 what's gonna happen is it gonna go up or 105 00:05:21,760 --> 00:05:15,520 down 106 00:05:24,130 --> 00:05:21,770 came up that's because we cause that air 107 00:05:26,200 --> 00:05:24,140 to go faster over the top and then and 108 00:05:28,090 --> 00:05:26,210 create a low-pressure area underneath we 109 00:05:31,090 --> 00:05:28,100 had higher pressure that push that paper 110 00:05:32,500 --> 00:05:31,100 up into the air so that's lift but 111 00:05:34,780 --> 00:05:32,510 that's not the only force that we need 112 00:05:35,650 --> 00:05:34,790 we also need thrust if you take a look 113 00:05:38,440 --> 00:05:35,660 at this propeller 114 00:05:40,240 --> 00:05:38,450 it's shaped like an airfoil when we turn 115 00:05:42,820 --> 00:05:40,250 that on its side it gives us forward 116 00:05:45,460 --> 00:05:42,830 motion which is thrust so lift gets us 117 00:05:48,010 --> 00:05:45,470 into the air thrust keeps us in the air 118 00:05:51,340 --> 00:05:48,020 okay and you said that propellers create 119 00:05:53,200 --> 00:05:51,350 thrust yes there's no propeller on this 120 00:05:55,330 --> 00:05:53,210 airplane there are not but a lot of the 121 00:05:57,070 --> 00:05:55,340 same concepts are used in jet engines if 122 00:05:59,170 --> 00:05:57,080 you look at this cutaway of an airplane 123 00:06:02,080 --> 00:05:59,180 jet engine you'll see that on the inside 124 00:06:04,570 --> 00:06:02,090 is a series of air foils just like this 125 00:06:07,900 --> 00:06:04,580 propeller and it pulls that air into the 126 00:06:09,760 --> 00:06:07,910 engine creating thrust so we create that 127 00:06:13,150 --> 00:06:09,770 thrust to get us up into the air 128 00:06:14,770 --> 00:06:13,160 now this plane is significantly 129 00:06:16,660 --> 00:06:14,780 different than the Wright brothers plane 130 00:06:18,880 --> 00:06:16,670 or any plane with a propeller the 131 00:06:21,370 --> 00:06:18,890 designs have changed dramatically in the 132 00:06:23,170 --> 00:06:21,380 last hundred years and the materials 133 00:06:25,390 --> 00:06:23,180 that we've used have changed a lot but 134 00:06:27,610 --> 00:06:25,400 those four forces of flight have stayed 135 00:06:29,740 --> 00:06:27,620 the same okay so every single airplane 136 00:06:31,660 --> 00:06:29,750 in this gallery relies on the four 137 00:06:32,950 --> 00:06:31,670 forces of flight to get us off the 138 00:06:34,780 --> 00:06:32,960 ground and to stay in the air it's 139 00:06:36,430 --> 00:06:34,790 exactly right okay and I think we have 140 00:06:39,460 --> 00:06:36,440 an online question can we get an online 141 00:06:43,930 --> 00:06:39,470 question how do you do helicopters work 142 00:06:45,580 --> 00:06:43,940 the same way as airplanes they do if we 143 00:06:47,050 --> 00:06:45,590 look at the propeller again you'll see 144 00:06:47,710 --> 00:06:47,060 that it looks very similar to what's on 145 00:06:49,840 --> 00:06:47,720 the top of hill 146 00:06:51,880 --> 00:06:49,850 copter it's got these air foils and when 147 00:06:53,440 --> 00:06:51,890 it spins it creates that low pressure on 148 00:06:55,210 --> 00:06:53,450 the top higher pressure underneath 149 00:06:57,070 --> 00:06:55,220 because the air going over the top is 150 00:06:58,870 --> 00:06:57,080 faster low pressure there 151 00:07:00,580 --> 00:06:58,880 high pressure underneath and it gives us 152 00:07:03,070 --> 00:07:00,590 lift that takes the helicopter up into 153 00:07:04,840 --> 00:07:03,080 the air so a helicopter is works the 154 00:07:08,380 --> 00:07:04,850 same way it's just a little different 155 00:07:11,050 --> 00:07:08,390 look exactly okay now today's show we're 156 00:07:15,250 --> 00:07:11,060 going to talk about composites but 157 00:07:16,930 --> 00:07:15,260 before we get started on the composite 158 00:07:19,240 --> 00:07:16,940 part of it I've got a 30 second 159 00:08:00,480 --> 00:07:19,250 challenge for you all so let's get 160 00:08:08,620 --> 00:08:03,820 okay so does anyone have a guess of what 161 00:08:10,930 --> 00:08:08,630 this might be just a guess 162 00:08:14,500 --> 00:08:10,940 give me a guess good what do you think 163 00:08:15,250 --> 00:08:14,510 it is it is it's part of an airplane 164 00:08:17,470 --> 00:08:15,260 okay 165 00:08:19,300 --> 00:08:17,480 this is actually part of a composite 166 00:08:22,720 --> 00:08:19,310 airplane and you can see it's like 167 00:08:26,650 --> 00:08:22,730 really light but it needs to be very 168 00:08:28,660 --> 00:08:26,660 strong in order to build an airplane out 169 00:08:30,280 --> 00:08:28,670 of it so we're gonna test this strength 170 00:08:32,110 --> 00:08:30,290 and to do that I need a volunteer out of 171 00:08:40,750 --> 00:08:32,120 the audience you want to come up come 172 00:08:47,230 --> 00:08:40,760 right here we have hold on a second we 173 00:08:50,860 --> 00:08:47,240 have this but we have to be safe because 174 00:08:52,570 --> 00:08:50,870 you know you're gonna hit this all right 175 00:08:56,170 --> 00:08:52,580 we don't want pieces to go flying into 176 00:09:00,190 --> 00:08:56,180 your eyes so on the count of three all 177 00:09:05,500 --> 00:09:00,200 right hit it as hard as you can one two 178 00:09:11,950 --> 00:09:05,510 three but that little hammer didn't do 179 00:09:15,040 --> 00:09:11,960 much but keep them on what do you think 180 00:09:23,770 --> 00:09:15,050 about this one do you guys think this is 181 00:09:29,410 --> 00:09:23,780 going to do it one two three what do you 182 00:09:32,110 --> 00:09:29,420 think no there's there's there's it 183 00:09:37,000 --> 00:09:32,120 didn't break did it so not only is it 184 00:09:40,570 --> 00:09:37,010 light but it's also strong right now we 185 00:09:43,060 --> 00:09:40,580 don't have a composite plane in our 186 00:09:45,190 --> 00:09:43,070 museum here but our friends at the 187 00:09:48,730 --> 00:09:45,200 Museum of Flight in Seattle do have a 188 00:09:51,430 --> 00:09:48,740 Boeing Dreamliner and they're chief 189 00:09:53,470 --> 00:09:51,440 curator Dan Hagedorn is going to show us 190 00:09:55,870 --> 00:09:53,480 some of that plane right now 191 00:09:57,670 --> 00:09:55,880 I'm an excellent curator here at the 192 00:09:58,470 --> 00:09:57,680 Museum of flying at historic Boeing 193 00:10:00,510 --> 00:09:58,480 Field 194 00:10:02,310 --> 00:10:00,520 the beautiful blowing 787 dreamliner 195 00:10:04,520 --> 00:10:02,320 that you see behind me represents the 196 00:10:06,870 --> 00:10:04,530 state-of-the-art in composite technology 197 00:10:08,190 --> 00:10:06,880 I'd like you to come on board with me 198 00:10:09,960 --> 00:10:08,200 and take a look at some of the wonderful 199 00:10:11,790 --> 00:10:09,970 things that composite technology is 200 00:10:16,200 --> 00:10:11,800 going to do for you as a member of the 201 00:10:17,730 --> 00:10:16,210 traveling public seven green wire one of 202 00:10:22,900 --> 00:10:17,740 the first thing to recognize is how 203 00:10:28,210 --> 00:10:25,210 traditional wrinkles 204 00:10:30,069 --> 00:10:28,220 vivid lines panel lines and so forth if 205 00:10:32,679 --> 00:10:30,079 you find on traditional metal build 206 00:10:34,350 --> 00:10:32,689 aircraft you will find about every six 207 00:10:36,540 --> 00:10:34,360 times on the year 208 00:10:38,250 --> 00:10:36,550 enjoy seed however where the different 209 00:10:40,450 --> 00:10:38,260 barrels as they call them or joined 210 00:10:43,180 --> 00:10:40,460 together to form the fuselage 211 00:10:45,730 --> 00:10:43,190 these were extremely smooth 212 00:10:50,189 --> 00:10:45,740 and extremely strong may contribute 213 00:10:55,120 --> 00:10:52,960 one of the most interesting engineering 214 00:10:55,689 --> 00:10:55,130 developments in the boeing 787 215 00:10:57,430 --> 00:10:55,699 dreamliner 216 00:11:00,519 --> 00:10:57,440 are its ranks which of course are also 217 00:11:02,379 --> 00:11:00,529 made of composite materials one thing 218 00:11:04,090 --> 00:11:02,389 that's noted by passengers and those on 219 00:11:06,220 --> 00:11:04,100 the ground like is the incredible degree 220 00:11:08,530 --> 00:11:06,230 of flex in the wing structure while the 221 00:11:09,879 --> 00:11:08,540 aircraft is in flight this often 222 00:11:13,290 --> 00:11:09,889 referred to when you look at the 223 00:11:15,970 --> 00:11:13,300 aircraft goes on as the Boeing smile 224 00:11:18,460 --> 00:11:15,980 when Boeing was testing the engineering 225 00:11:21,129 --> 00:11:18,470 on those wings they flexed as much as 25 226 00:11:23,139 --> 00:11:21,139 feet at the wingtips displaying not only 227 00:11:25,389 --> 00:11:23,149 the rigidity of the wings and their 228 00:11:27,040 --> 00:11:25,399 ability to flex but also the fact that 229 00:11:28,840 --> 00:11:27,050 they gave them much more comfortable 230 00:11:30,939 --> 00:11:28,850 ride to the passengers onboard the 231 00:11:36,970 --> 00:11:30,949 aircraft without any risk to the 232 00:11:39,639 --> 00:11:36,980 aircraft whatsoever okay okay so that is 233 00:11:41,410 --> 00:11:39,649 a quick view of a Boeing Dreamliner and 234 00:11:43,420 --> 00:11:41,420 we are going to talk more about 235 00:11:46,449 --> 00:11:43,430 composites now and I'm so lucky to have 236 00:11:48,340 --> 00:11:46,459 material engineer here Arlene Brown from 237 00:11:51,250 --> 00:11:48,350 the Boeing Company now we've been 238 00:11:53,980 --> 00:11:51,260 talking about airplane composites but 239 00:11:55,840 --> 00:11:53,990 obviously these aren't pieces of 240 00:11:58,689 --> 00:11:55,850 airplanes do you want to tell me why we 241 00:12:00,280 --> 00:11:58,699 have this out here yeah if you make 242 00:12:03,340 --> 00:12:00,290 something that big you really want to be 243 00:12:06,160 --> 00:12:03,350 able to recycle it right so it turns out 244 00:12:08,019 --> 00:12:06,170 plastics the type that are in water 245 00:12:11,079 --> 00:12:08,029 bottles for instance those will melt and 246 00:12:13,540 --> 00:12:11,089 they're easy to recycle but this is 247 00:12:16,120 --> 00:12:13,550 basically an epoxy composite in our 248 00:12:18,430 --> 00:12:16,130 airplane and so we needed to develop a 249 00:12:20,949 --> 00:12:18,440 method and so for instance the raw 250 00:12:24,160 --> 00:12:20,959 materials can turn into something like 251 00:12:26,319 --> 00:12:24,170 this if we have some excess or we can 252 00:12:28,180 --> 00:12:26,329 even take the actual finish composite 253 00:12:31,000 --> 00:12:28,190 parts like when we cut our circle out 254 00:12:33,189 --> 00:12:31,010 for the window and another company can 255 00:12:36,280 --> 00:12:33,199 go chop them up and turn them into parts 256 00:12:40,000 --> 00:12:36,290 and this is actually chopped fiber that 257 00:12:42,069 --> 00:12:40,010 originally came from a an airplane base 258 00:12:44,530 --> 00:12:42,079 okay so what you're telling me is that 259 00:12:46,300 --> 00:12:44,540 I'm not going to find a Dreamliner in 260 00:12:49,720 --> 00:12:46,310 one of those airplane graveyards you can 261 00:12:51,670 --> 00:12:49,730 recycle it exactly okay so I think what 262 00:12:54,670 --> 00:12:51,680 we'd like to do now is take a look at 263 00:12:58,150 --> 00:12:54,680 actually how we make the parts of the 264 00:13:00,670 --> 00:12:58,160 airplane using composites goo like epoxy 265 00:13:02,430 --> 00:13:00,680 resin is already on this slick carbon 266 00:13:05,470 --> 00:13:02,440 tape that is being put onto spools 267 00:13:07,990 --> 00:13:05,480 spools feed the custom carbon tape into 268 00:13:09,940 --> 00:13:08,000 a robot head this automated fiber 269 00:13:12,519 --> 00:13:09,950 placement process allows us to place a 270 00:13:14,470 --> 00:13:12,529 composite material where it's needed and 271 00:13:17,829 --> 00:13:14,480 in the direction we want for efficient 272 00:13:19,900 --> 00:13:17,839 design using heat and pressure the robot 273 00:13:22,150 --> 00:13:19,910 head lays the tape onto a rotating 274 00:13:24,639 --> 00:13:22,160 barrel the barrel is sealed under 275 00:13:26,319 --> 00:13:24,649 bagging materials and the air removed it 276 00:13:27,850 --> 00:13:26,329 is then baked in one of the world's 277 00:13:30,400 --> 00:13:27,860 largest autoclaves 278 00:13:33,040 --> 00:13:30,410 an autoclave is a giant oven that 279 00:13:35,170 --> 00:13:33,050 applies pressure once the part is done 280 00:13:37,509 --> 00:13:35,180 baking we remove it and take off the 281 00:13:39,370 --> 00:13:37,519 bagging the part is then inspected and 282 00:13:42,130 --> 00:13:39,380 joined to the other airplane sections 283 00:13:44,410 --> 00:13:42,140 this process allows us to make large 284 00:13:49,199 --> 00:13:44,420 integrated structure and minimizes waste 285 00:13:56,259 --> 00:13:53,110 okay Arlene so I have a piece of 286 00:13:58,090 --> 00:13:56,269 composite here but what you have are the 287 00:14:02,170 --> 00:13:58,100 raw material so do you want to tell us a 288 00:14:06,280 --> 00:14:02,180 little bit about what these are as 289 00:14:08,769 --> 00:14:06,290 compared to this oh I'd love to so this 290 00:14:12,850 --> 00:14:08,779 is epoxy resin otherwise known as glue 291 00:14:15,009 --> 00:14:12,860 and it actually is basically kind of a 292 00:14:17,769 --> 00:14:15,019 liquid form though when we we marry it 293 00:14:19,810 --> 00:14:17,779 up with the carbon fiber you just saw 294 00:14:21,639 --> 00:14:19,820 the carbon fiber on those spools going 295 00:14:24,460 --> 00:14:21,649 out and those spools actually have a 296 00:14:28,569 --> 00:14:24,470 little bit of this in that fiber and 297 00:14:31,870 --> 00:14:28,579 then what we make is something that we 298 00:14:33,819 --> 00:14:31,880 said we sometimes call prepreg and we 299 00:14:36,189 --> 00:14:33,829 take this material and this is what the 300 00:14:39,130 --> 00:14:36,199 form is when it goes into the basically 301 00:14:42,310 --> 00:14:39,140 the autoclave which is a giant oven when 302 00:14:46,949 --> 00:14:42,320 it comes out it looks like this okay so 303 00:14:52,960 --> 00:14:46,959 this baked is this but this is really 304 00:14:55,120 --> 00:14:52,970 smooth here but my piece it looks like 305 00:14:57,189 --> 00:14:55,130 it has fabric in it this this doesn't 306 00:14:59,829 --> 00:14:57,199 look the same what what's the difference 307 00:15:01,930 --> 00:14:59,839 between this and my actual airplane part 308 00:15:04,180 --> 00:15:01,940 well the thing that we call 309 00:15:06,819 --> 00:15:04,190 reinforcement instead of just being one 310 00:15:08,889 --> 00:15:06,829 piece of tow is actually woven into a 311 00:15:11,980 --> 00:15:08,899 fabric in kind of the same way that you 312 00:15:14,070 --> 00:15:11,990 close them for actually woven okay now 313 00:15:16,710 --> 00:15:14,080 the students that we 314 00:15:18,840 --> 00:15:16,720 here are from Jefferson Academy and they 315 00:15:20,430 --> 00:15:18,850 actually built some composite materials 316 00:15:21,780 --> 00:15:20,440 and ran some experiments would you like 317 00:15:34,800 --> 00:15:21,790 to take a look oh that would be terrific 318 00:15:39,610 --> 00:15:37,690 alright guys today we are gonna test our 319 00:15:41,020 --> 00:15:39,620 composites and I can't wait to see how 320 00:15:43,240 --> 00:15:41,030 you guys did in building them yesterday 321 00:15:45,790 --> 00:15:43,250 so let's review a little bit of 322 00:15:48,010 --> 00:15:45,800 composite is any material that's made of 323 00:15:49,510 --> 00:15:48,020 two or more materials put together and 324 00:15:51,730 --> 00:15:49,520 it gives it a different characteristic 325 00:15:53,350 --> 00:15:51,740 for example today we're going to be 326 00:15:54,190 --> 00:15:53,360 testing some composite materials that 327 00:15:55,870 --> 00:15:54,200 you guys made 328 00:16:01,740 --> 00:15:55,880 now the first test we're going to do is 329 00:16:04,960 --> 00:16:03,880 we're gonna take two pieces of cardstock 330 00:16:06,760 --> 00:16:04,970 and we're going to test them we're gonna 331 00:16:08,650 --> 00:16:06,770 lay them on top of each other and test 332 00:16:12,550 --> 00:16:08,660 how much strength they have is that a 333 00:16:14,410 --> 00:16:12,560 composite no it's just the same material 334 00:16:15,970 --> 00:16:14,420 it just happens to be two pieces of it 335 00:16:21,040 --> 00:16:15,980 what's the next thing that we're gonna 336 00:16:22,450 --> 00:16:21,050 test what are we gonna test next yeah 337 00:16:24,040 --> 00:16:22,460 we're gonna take two card stocks and you 338 00:16:26,980 --> 00:16:24,050 guys blew them together yesterday is 339 00:16:28,450 --> 00:16:26,990 that a composite material yeah because 340 00:16:30,280 --> 00:16:28,460 it's got two different materials 341 00:16:32,470 --> 00:16:30,290 combined and we're hoping that it 342 00:16:36,780 --> 00:16:32,480 increases the strength so what was the 343 00:16:40,570 --> 00:16:38,350 that's exactly right 344 00:16:42,850 --> 00:16:40,580 a layer cardstock glue a layer 345 00:16:44,890 --> 00:16:42,860 fiberglass cloth more glue and layer 346 00:16:46,600 --> 00:16:44,900 cardstock so let me show you guys how 347 00:16:48,430 --> 00:16:46,610 we're gonna set this up today and I'll 348 00:16:50,320 --> 00:16:48,440 use this as our example 349 00:16:52,180 --> 00:16:50,330 you guys all built your testing 350 00:16:53,260 --> 00:16:52,190 apparatus yesterday and the way that 351 00:16:55,630 --> 00:16:53,270 you're gonna do this is you're gonna 352 00:16:59,080 --> 00:16:55,640 come over here you're gonna reach in and 353 00:17:02,740 --> 00:16:59,090 pull your string up and then you're 354 00:17:04,900 --> 00:17:02,750 gonna slide this through it everybody 355 00:17:06,130 --> 00:17:04,910 see that then after you do that you're 356 00:17:08,829 --> 00:17:06,140 gonna come over here and you're very 357 00:17:10,720 --> 00:17:08,839 slowly remember very very slowly you're 358 00:17:13,390 --> 00:17:10,730 gonna pour that water into the funnel 359 00:17:15,610 --> 00:17:13,400 we're gonna weigh this before we start 360 00:17:18,220 --> 00:17:15,620 to get a baseline on it and then we're 361 00:17:19,660 --> 00:17:18,230 gonna weigh it after it it fails to see 362 00:17:21,790 --> 00:17:19,670 how much water it held see how much 363 00:18:52,100 --> 00:17:21,800 weight your composite was able to hold 364 00:18:58,740 --> 00:18:56,070 look at this guy's the paper cut before 365 00:19:01,140 --> 00:18:58,750 the composite gave away so the string on 366 00:19:02,940 --> 00:19:01,150 there actually cut into the paper before 367 00:19:05,039 --> 00:19:02,950 it had a chance for that composite to 368 00:19:08,060 --> 00:19:05,049 give away that's awesome 369 00:19:11,480 --> 00:19:08,070 your composite held up great how much 370 00:19:12,260 --> 00:19:11,490 a hundred and six that's amazing good 371 00:19:16,490 --> 00:19:12,270 job guys 372 00:19:19,010 --> 00:19:16,500 and this was the one you built okay so 373 00:19:20,420 --> 00:19:19,020 it looked like they were very successful 374 00:19:22,150 --> 00:19:20,430 with their composites the kids did a 375 00:19:23,780 --> 00:19:22,160 great job building the composites 376 00:19:25,160 --> 00:19:23,790 actually we've got one of them that's 377 00:19:26,390 --> 00:19:25,170 gonna share their results alia you want 378 00:19:32,930 --> 00:19:26,400 to share your results with us hang your 379 00:19:36,410 --> 00:19:32,940 experiments a composite increase I could 380 00:19:39,670 --> 00:19:36,420 father increase the amount of water of 381 00:19:43,460 --> 00:19:39,680 how much water it was hole into the jet 382 00:19:46,790 --> 00:19:43,470 so there was more it held more weight 383 00:19:48,680 --> 00:19:46,800 which one worked the best the two 384 00:19:52,010 --> 00:19:48,690 composite with the fabric between them 385 00:19:54,200 --> 00:19:52,020 okay so the big composite deposit worked 386 00:19:55,190 --> 00:19:54,210 yeah because posits really increased the 387 00:19:57,980 --> 00:19:55,200 amount of strength that they were able 388 00:20:02,450 --> 00:19:57,990 to hold okay and do you want to start us 389 00:20:04,820 --> 00:20:02,460 off with a question yes since I'm an 390 00:20:07,880 --> 00:20:04,830 Avery how can composite help me in my 391 00:20:11,090 --> 00:20:07,890 everyday life so how can composites help 392 00:20:13,700 --> 00:20:11,100 somebody that's in eighth grade oh well 393 00:20:15,500 --> 00:20:13,710 Sporting Goods in general there's a lot 394 00:20:17,210 --> 00:20:15,510 of stuff that's coming out it's not just 395 00:20:20,030 --> 00:20:17,220 to be shown here it's tennis racquets 396 00:20:23,320 --> 00:20:20,040 golf clubs hockey sticks all sorts of 397 00:20:26,150 --> 00:20:23,330 things bikes now that are all lighter 398 00:20:28,820 --> 00:20:26,160 you'll find that they actually might be 399 00:20:31,310 --> 00:20:28,830 in some of the electronics that you have 400 00:20:33,470 --> 00:20:31,320 for instance and if you've got somebody 401 00:20:35,690 --> 00:20:33,480 that's driving you to and from hopefully 402 00:20:38,060 --> 00:20:35,700 that you know as we get more composites 403 00:20:40,940 --> 00:20:38,070 in the cars it's helping to reduce the 404 00:20:45,100 --> 00:20:40,950 gas bill the fuel bill and now we have 405 00:20:51,200 --> 00:20:48,140 why're composite composites an 406 00:20:54,200 --> 00:20:51,210 improvement over metal for for building 407 00:20:55,790 --> 00:20:54,210 airplanes well what we saw earlier today 408 00:20:57,799 --> 00:20:55,800 was a demonstration of really how 409 00:20:59,810 --> 00:20:57,809 durable they are because you have pale 410 00:21:01,730 --> 00:20:59,820 bottles and things like that but you 411 00:21:03,980 --> 00:21:01,740 especially have people that drop tools 412 00:21:06,500 --> 00:21:03,990 and stuff like that sometimes so that's 413 00:21:09,740 --> 00:21:06,510 just one thing they also they don't 414 00:21:11,180 --> 00:21:09,750 corrode they're more fatigue resistant 415 00:21:13,280 --> 00:21:11,190 which is has to do with when the 416 00:21:15,980 --> 00:21:13,290 pressure goes out and in for instance on 417 00:21:18,410 --> 00:21:15,990 the airplane and there's lower 418 00:21:19,730 --> 00:21:18,420 maintenance costs this is like the for 419 00:21:21,890 --> 00:21:19,740 the Dreamliner and we talkin thirty 420 00:21:23,330 --> 00:21:21,900 percent lower maintenance costs because 421 00:21:25,549 --> 00:21:23,340 all of these different things that add 422 00:21:27,320 --> 00:21:25,559 up and the other thing is part count we 423 00:21:29,840 --> 00:21:27,330 have almost two thirds the park count 424 00:21:32,950 --> 00:21:29,850 because we've got these huge integrated 425 00:21:35,900 --> 00:21:32,960 structure barrels instead of you know 426 00:21:37,690 --> 00:21:35,910 one barrel might be replacing over you 427 00:21:40,549 --> 00:21:37,700 know fifteen hundred pieces of aluminum 428 00:21:43,820 --> 00:21:40,559 that would go in a normal fuselage how 429 00:21:52,970 --> 00:21:43,830 many parts are in a Dreamliner around 430 00:21:55,910 --> 00:21:52,980 2.3 million got it three million and we 431 00:22:00,049 --> 00:21:55,920 have another online question we're here 432 00:22:05,900 --> 00:22:00,059 why Arkham the same question we have 433 00:22:07,940 --> 00:22:05,910 yeah well I have them web where have 434 00:22:10,669 --> 00:22:07,950 composites made the most difference on 435 00:22:14,210 --> 00:22:10,679 an airplane that's a tough one 436 00:22:17,270 --> 00:22:14,220 so I'm gonna go with the the combination 437 00:22:20,240 --> 00:22:17,280 of the exterior we've had composites on 438 00:22:23,210 --> 00:22:20,250 the interiors for a very long time and 439 00:22:26,000 --> 00:22:23,220 so with the the Dreamliner we went on 440 00:22:28,910 --> 00:22:26,010 the outside and it wasn't just that it 441 00:22:30,980 --> 00:22:28,920 was lighter it was because you can shape 442 00:22:33,590 --> 00:22:30,990 it from an aerodynamic point of view as 443 00:22:35,510 --> 00:22:33,600 well and you can put some sections thin 444 00:22:36,560 --> 00:22:35,520 and some sections thick instead of 445 00:22:38,530 --> 00:22:36,570 having to use the same thickness 446 00:22:40,760 --> 00:22:38,540 everywhere because you have different 447 00:22:43,640 --> 00:22:40,770 requirements and different needs in 448 00:22:46,010 --> 00:22:43,650 different places okay so the composites 449 00:22:48,890 --> 00:22:46,020 are great for the outside but our friend 450 00:22:51,049 --> 00:22:48,900 Dan out at Seattle is going to tell us 451 00:22:53,150 --> 00:22:51,059 how it's making a difference for the 452 00:22:55,020 --> 00:22:53,160 passengers on the inside of the 453 00:23:00,970 --> 00:22:55,030 Dreamliner 454 00:23:02,950 --> 00:23:00,980 zero zero three here at the museum of 455 00:23:05,350 --> 00:23:02,960 flight at historic Boeing Field in 456 00:23:07,090 --> 00:23:05,360 Seattle Washington now we're going to be 457 00:23:08,410 --> 00:23:07,100 taking a look around the interior of the 458 00:23:10,480 --> 00:23:08,420 aircraft to show you some of the 459 00:23:12,580 --> 00:23:10,490 passenger accommodations that have been 460 00:23:15,190 --> 00:23:12,590 made possible by the composite structure 461 00:23:16,660 --> 00:23:15,200 of this aircraft as you make your way to 462 00:23:17,860 --> 00:23:16,670 your seat on the Dreamliner there's 463 00:23:20,260 --> 00:23:17,870 several things that will become apparent 464 00:23:21,970 --> 00:23:20,270 to you very quickly the first thing 465 00:23:23,920 --> 00:23:21,980 you're going to notice is how quiet it 466 00:23:25,510 --> 00:23:23,930 is aboard this aircraft both on the 467 00:23:28,330 --> 00:23:25,520 ground while you're waiting to take off 468 00:23:30,190 --> 00:23:28,340 as well as in flight the second thing 469 00:23:31,720 --> 00:23:30,200 you're going to notice is the incredible 470 00:23:33,670 --> 00:23:31,730 feeling of spaciousness that the 471 00:23:36,060 --> 00:23:33,680 aircraft provides to you as you make 472 00:23:38,290 --> 00:23:36,070 your way through your flight this is 473 00:23:40,960 --> 00:23:38,300 facilitated by the fact of the overhead 474 00:23:42,910 --> 00:23:40,970 lighting you here you see and behind me 475 00:23:44,650 --> 00:23:42,920 the the blue lighting effect that is 476 00:23:46,150 --> 00:23:44,660 prevalent on the aircraft as we have are 477 00:23:48,220 --> 00:23:46,160 sitting here but there's also a 478 00:23:50,680 --> 00:23:48,230 wonderful rainbow effect that has a very 479 00:23:52,210 --> 00:23:50,690 calming influence something that's far 480 00:23:53,830 --> 00:23:52,220 more subtle however that you're not 481 00:23:57,130 --> 00:23:53,840 going to notice right away is the 482 00:23:59,560 --> 00:23:57,140 incredible degree of atmospheric control 483 00:24:01,150 --> 00:23:59,570 to the aircraft has a direct result of 484 00:24:02,980 --> 00:24:01,160 the composite structure of the aircraft 485 00:24:05,290 --> 00:24:02,990 you're going to feel as though you're 486 00:24:06,760 --> 00:24:05,300 flying at a lower level and the humidity 487 00:24:08,770 --> 00:24:06,770 controls aboard the aircraft are 488 00:24:10,620 --> 00:24:08,780 directly controlled by the crew itself 489 00:24:13,300 --> 00:24:10,630 it's going to feel much more comfortable 490 00:24:14,650 --> 00:24:13,310 but last but not least as the overhead 491 00:24:18,370 --> 00:24:14,660 bin something that we're all familiar 492 00:24:20,650 --> 00:24:18,380 with they deploy very very nicely aboard 493 00:24:24,040 --> 00:24:20,660 this aircraft and more importantly 494 00:24:26,440 --> 00:24:24,050 they're quite large these are all a 495 00:24:29,350 --> 00:24:26,450 direct result of the composite structure 496 00:24:31,300 --> 00:24:29,360 of this aircraft one of the wonderful 497 00:24:33,220 --> 00:24:31,310 passenger amenities provided by the 498 00:24:35,530 --> 00:24:33,230 composite structure of the Dreamliner is 499 00:24:37,510 --> 00:24:35,540 not only the relative location but the 500 00:24:38,830 --> 00:24:37,520 size of the passenger windows that 501 00:24:41,440 --> 00:24:38,840 you'll find at every one of the 502 00:24:43,090 --> 00:24:41,450 passenger seats am I left here and I'm 503 00:24:45,490 --> 00:24:43,100 sitting on a seat at the relative 504 00:24:47,860 --> 00:24:45,500 elevation of most of the standard coach 505 00:24:50,020 --> 00:24:47,870 seats and first and business class seats 506 00:24:53,800 --> 00:24:50,030 on the Dreamliner you'll notice that I 507 00:24:55,390 --> 00:24:53,810 don't have to do this or this or this in 508 00:24:58,300 --> 00:24:55,400 order to look out the window and have a 509 00:25:00,400 --> 00:24:58,310 panoramic view remember those pesky pull 510 00:25:02,830 --> 00:25:00,410 up pull down shades that you found on 511 00:25:05,950 --> 00:25:02,840 conventional airliners not going to find 512 00:25:07,480 --> 00:25:05,960 those on the 787 dreamliner instead 513 00:25:09,549 --> 00:25:07,490 every single passenger 514 00:25:11,530 --> 00:25:09,559 with the aircraft using this very simple 515 00:25:14,380 --> 00:25:11,540 control right below the portal right 516 00:25:16,900 --> 00:25:14,390 here controls a relative clarity or 517 00:25:20,200 --> 00:25:16,910 opaqueness of their individual window 518 00:25:22,000 --> 00:25:20,210 you can darken it you can lighten it and 519 00:25:23,830 --> 00:25:22,010 the relative degree of darkening is 520 00:25:26,560 --> 00:25:23,840 completely at the control of the 521 00:25:28,270 --> 00:25:26,570 individual passenger they can also be 522 00:25:29,710 --> 00:25:28,280 controlled from a central location by 523 00:25:32,740 --> 00:25:29,720 the flight attendants and the crew if 524 00:25:34,900 --> 00:25:32,750 necessary but in the final analysis 525 00:25:38,169 --> 00:25:34,910 every passenger has complete control 526 00:25:41,950 --> 00:25:38,179 over the relative clarity of the portal 527 00:25:44,320 --> 00:25:41,960 that they're sitting next to so Arlene 528 00:25:47,410 --> 00:25:44,330 one of the things that really intrigued 529 00:25:48,940 --> 00:25:47,420 me when we saw the inside is the larger 530 00:25:51,010 --> 00:25:48,950 windows because you know we're used to 531 00:25:53,410 --> 00:25:51,020 the small ones how come we can make the 532 00:25:55,780 --> 00:25:53,420 larger windows on the composite airplane 533 00:25:59,080 --> 00:25:55,790 that really goes back to that whole 534 00:26:01,900 --> 00:25:59,090 video we've got this huge composite 535 00:26:04,060 --> 00:26:01,910 barrel it's all in one material but 536 00:26:06,160 --> 00:26:04,070 we're able to lay in extra material 537 00:26:08,549 --> 00:26:06,170 around the window frames oh okay we 538 00:26:11,380 --> 00:26:08,559 don't have to penalize the whole thing 539 00:26:13,600 --> 00:26:11,390 for just those holes okay that's 540 00:26:15,100 --> 00:26:13,610 interesting and we have some audience 541 00:26:19,270 --> 00:26:15,110 questions so let's start with our 542 00:26:22,390 --> 00:26:19,280 audience how long does it takes to big a 543 00:26:25,630 --> 00:26:22,400 composite how long does it take to make 544 00:26:29,530 --> 00:26:25,640 a composite well a lot depends on what 545 00:26:31,180 --> 00:26:29,540 the size is and so there were some parts 546 00:26:32,890 --> 00:26:31,190 you could make in a half an hour and 547 00:26:35,500 --> 00:26:32,900 then you you know bake it for a few 548 00:26:37,600 --> 00:26:35,510 hours and some could could take days 549 00:26:39,460 --> 00:26:37,610 depends on what your size is and how 550 00:26:43,870 --> 00:26:39,470 complex it is and we have an online 551 00:26:46,480 --> 00:26:43,880 question what type of composite products 552 00:26:48,340 --> 00:26:46,490 can we expect in the future has the 553 00:26:52,419 --> 00:26:48,350 Space Agency helped in the development 554 00:26:55,770 --> 00:26:52,429 of composite materials so I'll take the 555 00:26:58,600 --> 00:26:55,780 second one first because the Space Age 556 00:27:00,910 --> 00:26:58,610 really was instrumental it was super 557 00:27:02,890 --> 00:27:00,920 important especially early on for 558 00:27:04,390 --> 00:27:02,900 developing the materials and you'd be 559 00:27:06,220 --> 00:27:04,400 surprised at the number of things that 560 00:27:08,290 --> 00:27:06,230 you're working on in the space arena 561 00:27:11,169 --> 00:27:08,300 that ultimately end up in the everyday 562 00:27:13,360 --> 00:27:11,179 world okay so very important and we do 563 00:27:15,850 --> 00:27:13,370 make things that we're metal rockets now 564 00:27:17,440 --> 00:27:15,860 we'll have for instance composite parts 565 00:27:18,310 --> 00:27:17,450 too so we're making those lighter and 566 00:27:22,630 --> 00:27:18,320 easier to live 567 00:27:24,520 --> 00:27:22,640 okay so we have one quick question can 568 00:27:26,650 --> 00:27:24,530 anything damage like a pause it can 569 00:27:29,410 --> 00:27:26,660 anything damage a composite yes 570 00:27:31,870 --> 00:27:29,420 so although we hammered it we were 571 00:27:33,970 --> 00:27:31,880 designing for people to drop tools and 572 00:27:36,730 --> 00:27:33,980 that sort of thing right but if you had 573 00:27:39,490 --> 00:27:36,740 something like a forklift and you run it 574 00:27:41,260 --> 00:27:39,500 in it will still go go through the side 575 00:27:43,620 --> 00:27:41,270 so they're not indestructible they're 576 00:27:46,690 --> 00:27:43,630 not indestructible and that reminds me 577 00:27:48,520 --> 00:27:46,700 there are a lot of different types of 578 00:27:51,040 --> 00:27:48,530 composites and plastics and I want to 579 00:27:53,040 --> 00:27:51,050 warn you we we custom-designed to the 580 00:27:55,450 --> 00:27:53,050 material that you saw us hammering on it 581 00:27:57,190 --> 00:27:55,460 doesn't mean necessarily that every 582 00:28:01,210 --> 00:27:57,200 composite you see you can treat that way 583 00:28:05,160 --> 00:28:01,220 okay well thank you so much Arlene this 584 00:28:07,540 --> 00:28:05,170 has been really very educational and 585 00:28:12,850 --> 00:28:07,550 that is all the time we have for this 586 00:28:15,190 --> 00:28:12,860 system and I'd like to thank our friends 587 00:28:16,660 --> 00:28:15,200 at the Museum of Flight in Seattle for 588 00:28:20,200 --> 00:28:16,670 the wonderful tour of their Dreamliner 589 00:28:22,990 --> 00:28:20,210 and my new co-host Marty and I'd also 590 00:28:25,810 --> 00:28:23,000 like to thank the Boeing Company and I